Uniformity of water distribution by a sprinkler irrigation system on a soccer field

Soccer field grass can be compared to highly sensitive crops regarding water deficit and must be irrigated throughout the year to provide decent conditions for use. For this, efficient irrigation systems are necessary to save water and energy, and this is possible, provided that they are evaluated. Therefore, this paper evaluated the water distribution uniformity, by different methodologies, for an irrigation system installed in a grass soccer field. Also, the influences of multiple spacings between sprinklers and meteorological factors on the final results were assessed. The irrigation system had Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at the pressure of 320 kPa. Six field essays were conducted considering overlaying water depths originated from the same irrigation system considering spacings between sprinklers varying from 6 m x 6 m, 6 m x 9 m, 9 m x 9 m, 9 m x 12 m, 12 m x 12 m, 12 m x 15 m, 15 m x 15 m, 15 m x 18 m, 18 m x 18 m, 18 m x 21 m, 21 m x 21 m, 21 m x 24 m, 24 m x 24 m, 24 m x 27 m, 27 m x 27 m, 27 m x 30 m and 30 m x 30 m. The uniformity coefficients used were: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity coefficient (DU), absolute uniformity coefficient (UA), statistical uniformity coefficient (US), Hart uniformity coefficient (UH) and HSPA standard efficiency (UHSPA). Meteorological data were obtained during the essays. Wind speed caused reduction in the length of the water jet applied by the sprinkler and also caused a bigger effect on the water distribution uniformity. Both CU and UH showed higher values compared to the other coefficients. The increase in the spacing between the sprinklers resulted in reduced water distribution coefficients. To comply with technical and economic criteria, an arrangement of 12 m x 15 m between the Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at a 320 kPa pressure, is recommended.

How does the condition of the pasture in late winter influence the plant and animal responses in the subsequent seasons?

This study aimed to test the hypotheses: (i) the deferred pasture with lower height in late winter has greater herbage accumulation rate (HAR) and better structure, which facilitates the animal selective grazing during the subsequent spring and summer; (ii) the mowed of high pasture in late winter improves the sward structure but decreases its HAR from the spring. Four pasture condition in late winter of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu were evaluated: low (24.1 cm and 2,420 kg.ha-1 of DM); low/mowed (25.2 cm and 2,198 kg.ha-1 of DM, mowed at 8.0 cm); high (49.0 cm and 3,837 kg.ha-1 of DM); and high/mowed (50.0 cm and 4,211 kg.ha-1 DM, mowed at 8.0 cm). The highest live leaf blade percentage (LLBP) and the lowest dead stem percentage (DSP) occurred in the mowed pastures. The live stem (LSP) and dead leaf blade percentages of the grazing simulation sample were higher in the high pasture. This same pattern of response occurred for apparent selectivity indices (ASI) of the live leaf blade and live stem. The ASI of the dead leaf blade was greater in the high pasture, intermediate in the mowed pastures, and lower in the low pasture. The ASI of the dead stem was lower in the low pasture. The HAR was higher in low pasture. Our results support the first hypothesis. The mowing of high pasture in late winter improves the sward structure and the animal selective grazing but does not decrease the HAR during spring and summer.

Grass pollen sensitization in dogs in Paraná, Brazil: comparison between percutaneous and intradermal testing / [Sensibilização a polens em cães no Paraná, Brasil: comparação entre o teste percutâneo e o teste intradérmico]

Canine atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, genetic, pruritic and chronic dermatosis that affects between 10 and 30% of dogs and one of the most important allergens is grass pollen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitization to grass pollen allergens in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis and to compare intradermal skin test (IDT) with percutaneous test (PT). For this study, ten healthy dogs and 39 dogs with atopic dermatitis were tested. Dogs were submitted to IDT and PT for Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum notatum. The IDT and PT tests were compared using the Proportion Test. All healthy dogs were negative to both tests. Ten atopic dogs (25.6%) responded positively to the PT and none were positive in IDT. C. dactylon, L. multiflorum and P. notatum were responsible for positive reactions in 70%, 70% and 30% of positive dogs, respectively. The number of positive reactions in PT were statistically higher than IDT (P<0.05). In conclusion, grass pollen can be important source of allergens for dogs in Paraná state (Brazil) and the PT showed higher sensitization to grass pollen in dogs with atopic dermatitis than IDT.(AU)

A dermatite atópica canina é uma dermatose inflamatória, genética, prurítica e crônica que afeta entre 10% e 30% dos cães, e um dos alérgenos mais importantes são os polens de gramíneas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a sensibilização a alérgenos de polens de gramíneas em cães com dermatite atópica e comparar o teste intradérmico (TID) com o teste percutâneo (TP). Para o estudo, 10 cães hígidos e 39 cães com dermatite atópica foram testados. Estes foram submetidos ao TID e ao TP para Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon e Paspalum notatum. TID e TP foram comparados usando-se o teste de proporção. Todos os cães hígidos foram negativos em ambos os testes. Dez cães atópicos (25,6%) responderam positivamente ao TP e nenhum ao TID. C. dactylon, L. multiflorum e P. notatum foram responsáveis por reações positivas de 70%, 70% e 30% dos cães positivos, respectivamente. O número de reações positivas no TP foi estatisticamente maior que no TID (P<0,05). Foi concluído que os polens de gramíneas podem ser importantes fontes de alérgenos para cães no estado do Paraná (Brasil) e que o TP mostrou maior sensibilização a polens em cães com dermatite atópica que o TID.(AU)

Aerobic stability of tifton 85 silage with and without pre-drying in the sun

The objective of this study was to evaluate pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and aerobic stability of silage of Tifton 85 grass silage with two dry matter contents at different silos opening times. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a subdivided plots scheme, in which the silages constituted the plots and aerobic exposure times the subplots, with four replications. To verify the aerobic stability of the silages, the temperature and pH were analyzed at seven hours after the silos were opened (1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours). The pH reached adequate levels for conservation only after 90 days of fermentation for the silages with and without pre-drying in the sun. Ammoniacal nitrogen remained below the recommended limits in both silages. As for the silage temperature, no loss of aerobic stability was observed. However, the observed pH revealed a break instability after 72 hours when the silos were opened at 28 days, with no changes for the remaining silage periods. It is possible to obtain suitable silages from Tifton 85 with or without pre-warming in the sun, however, a minimum fermentation period of 90 days should be adopted. The studied silages presented high aerobic stability, but when kept silage for only 28 days, they should be consumed by the animals within 48 hours after the supply.

Optimization Tifton-85 grass cutting for productivity and nutrient value

The objective of this work was to determine the impact of cutting Tifton-85 grass at 14, 28, 42, 46, 70, and 80 days of regrowth on its production and nutritional characteristics during the rainy season. The study area of 238 m2 was divided into four sub-area, with 6 plots of 2 × 2 m spaced 1 m between plots and 2 m between sub-area. Random block design was used. The statistical analyses were performed following a randomized block design. Results were obtained as means from evaluations conducted in two consecutive years. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased as the cutting age increased. However, crude protein, NDF nitrogen, ADF nitrogen and leaves/stem relationship decreased as the cutting age increased. The production of digestible dry matter increased linearly as the cutting age increased. Similarly, grass height, green matter and dry matter production (DMP) increased as the cutting age increased. The different cutting age did not influence the nitrogen A, B1 + B2, and B3 fractions of the grass. However, the C fraction increased as the cutting age increased. Longer intervals between cuts increased the grass productivity per cut, but compromised its nutritional composition and leaves/stem relationship. For Tifton -85, the regrowth age of 28 days allows greater production of dry matter and greater accumulated production of crude protein and digestive dry matter in the rainy season or over time.

Morphogenesis of Cynodon cultivars fertilized with nitrogen / Morfogênese de cultivares Cynodon fertilizadas com nitrogênio

Toevaluate the biomass flow of two cultivars of Cynodon (Tifton 85 grass and vaquero grass) fertilized with increasing levels of nitrogen (N) (control ­ without nitrogen; 200; 400 and 600 mg dm-3) under greenhouse conditions, this study was carried out, in a completely randomized design, with factorial arrangement. Forages were examined during three regrowth cycles, with results presented as mean values of the cycles. In the analysis of the effect of nitrogen fertilization, the Tifton 85 grass showed an increasing response to nitrogen levels for the leaf elongation rate (LER). The vaquero grass had a quadractic response for the LER with increasing levels of N. As for the stem elongation rate, there was an increasing linear response in both grasses according to increasing levels of N. The leaf senescence rate (LSR) of the Tifton 85 grass has been enhanced by nitrogen fertilization. The vaquero grass revealed a quadractic response for this variable LSR with nitrogen fertilization, with a minimum value of 0.96 cm tiller-1 day-1 with nitrogen level of 42.5 mg dm-3. The phyllochron and the total number of leaves of both grasses have been influenced by nitrogen fertilization, with downward and upward linear responses, respectively, with increasing levels of nitrogen. For the final mean leaf length (MLL) of both forages, we verified an increasing response with increasing levels of nitrogen. Tifton 85 grass and vaquero grass presented similar LER in the absence of nitrogen, but higher values were observed for the fertilized Tifton 85 grass. The fertilization using nitrogen leads to positive responses of the biomass flow of Tifton 85 grass and vaquero grass under the conditions of the present study.

Objetivou-se avaliar o fluxo de biomassa de dois cultivares do gênero Cynodon (capim-Tifton 85 e capim-vaquero) adubados com doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N) (controle - sem nitrogênio; 200; 400 e 600 mg dm-3) em condições de casa de vegetação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial. As forrageiras foram estudas durante três ciclos de rebrotação, com os resultados apresentados na média dos ciclos. No estudo do efeito da adubação nitrogenada, o capim-Tifton 85 apresentou para a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) resposta crescente às doses de N. O capim-vaquero apresentou resposta quadrática para TAlF com o incremento das doses de N. Analisando-se a taxa de alongamento dos colmos, verificou-se resposta linear crescente para ambas as gramíneas com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio. A taxa de senescência foliar (TSF) do capim-Tifton 85 foi incrementada pela adubação nitrogenada. O capim-vaquero revelou para TSF resposta quadrática com a adubação nitrogenada, com valor mínimo de 0,96 cm perf-1 dia-1 na dose de nitrogênio de 42,5 mg dm-3. O filocrono e o número total de folhas do capim-Tifton 85 e do capim-vaquero foram influenciados pela adubação nitrogenada, revelando resposta linear decrescente e crescente, respectivamente, com o incremento nas doses de nitrogênio. Para o comprimento médio final das folhas (CMF) das duas forrageiras, constatou-se resposta crescente com a elevação nas doses de nitrogênio. Os capins-Tifton 85 e vaquero apresentaram TAlF semelhante na ausência de nitrogênio, porém para as plantas adubadas verificou-se valores superiores para o capim-Tifton 85. A adubação nitrogenada proporciona respostas positivas sobre o fluxo de biomassa dos capins-Tifton 85 e vaquero nas condições do presente estudo.

Metabolic dynamics of native lambs fed with Tifton 85 hay or Maniçoba hay associated with the spineless cactus / Dinâmica metabólica de cordeiros nativos alimentados com feno de capim-tifton 85 ou feno de maniçoba associados à palma forrageira

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic response of native lambs fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) or Maniçoba hay (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associated with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). Sixteen Morada Nova lambs were used, with a mean initial weight of 19.36±1.48kg, distributed in a randomized block design, with two treatments and eight replications. Dry matter intake was higher for lambs fed Maniçoba hay compared to Tifton hay, while the body weight at slaughter was not influenced by diets. Regarding the blood metabolites, only the serum concentration of urea was influenced, with higher value observed in the lambs that fed the diet containing Tifton hay. When analyzing blood biomarkers, in the different biweekly collections, a linear increase in the blood concentration of urea, glucose, fructosamine, alkaline phosphatase and sodium was observed, as well as a quadratic effect for serum potassium. The other blood metabolites were not influenced in function of the collection days. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay for Maniçoba hay does not cause negative changes in the dynamics of different biomarkers and presents itself as a promising forage resource.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta metabólica de cordeiros nativos alimentados com feno de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) ou feno de maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associados à palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). Foram utilizados 16 cordeiros Morada Nova, com peso inicial médio de 19,36±1,48kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e oito repetições. O consumo de matéria seca foi maior nos cordeiros alimentados com feno de maniçoba em comparação ao feno de tifton, enquanto o peso corporal ao abate não foi influenciado pelas dietas. Em relação aos metabólitos sanguíneos, apenas a concentração sérica de ureia foi influenciada, com maior valor observado nos cordeiros que ingeriram a dieta contendo feno de capim-tifton. Quando foi realizada a análise dos biomarcadores sanguíneos nas diferentes coletas quinzenais, foi observado aumento linear nas concentrações sanguíneas de ureia, glicose, frutosamina, fosfatase alcalina e sódio, e efeito quadrático para o potássio sérico. Os demais metabólitos sanguíneos não foram influenciados em função dos dias de coleta. A substituição do feno de tifton 85 por feno de maniçoba influencia positivamente o metabolismo de cordeiros sem causar alterações na dinâmica dos diferentes biomarcadores e se apresenta como um promissor recurso forrageiro.(AU)

The sanitary quality of Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass hay stored under different environmental conditions / Variações da temperatura e qualidade sanitária de f eno de capim tifton 85 e vaquero grass sob diferentes condições de armazenament

This study evaluated the variations in temperature and dry matter content in Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass hay stored under different environmental conditions. The fungal and mycotoxin populations in the hay production area were also evaluated. Fifty samples (30 hay bales, ten samples of organic matter [OM], and ten samples of grass [G] before baling) were used in a completely randomized design and factorial scheme with ten treatments (a combination of two classes of G: Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass) and three storage systems: a covered shed without side walls, covered with a clear tarp; an open environment covered with a double-sided tarp; and a ventilated closed shed. Four additional treatments, five replications, and one sample per experimental unit completed the study design. The environment influenced the temperature of the Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass bales, and the dry matter content of the bales during the evaluated period was above the recommended limit (800 g kg-1). The genus Penicillium occurred with the highest frequency in the Wrangler grass stored under a double-sided tarp (6.13 log CFU g-1). In the additional treatment, the OM deposited in the soil of the Wrangler grass production area exhibited a greater occurrence of the fungus Fusarium (4.66 log CFU g-1) and of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA; 594.2 µg kg-1). The hay stored in the shed with a clear tarp exhibited more aflatoxin (AFLA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The concentration of mycotoxins varied across the storage environments and between the stored species; however, the shed storage system used in hay production might also be a source of hay contamination via the incorporation of decomposing OM with mycotoxins in the hay.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as variações na temperatura e no teor de matéria seca do feno de capim Tifton 85 e Vaquero armazenados em diferentes condições ambientais. As populações de fungos e micotoxinas na área de produção de feno também foram avaliadas. Cinquenta amostras (30 fardos de feno, dez amostras de matéria orgânica [OM] e dez amostras de gramíneas [G] antes do enfardamento) foram utilizadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial com dez tratamentos (uma combinação de duas classes de G: Tifton 85 e capim Vaquero) e três sistemas de armazenamento: galpão coberto sem paredes laterais, feno coberto com uma lona transparente; ambiente aberto e o feno coberto com uma lona dupla face; e galpão fechado ventilado. Quatro tratamentos adicionais, cinco repetições e uma amostra por unidade experimental completaram o desenho experimental. O ambiente influenciou a temperatura dos fardos de Tifton 85 e de capim vaquero, e o teor de matéria seca dos fardos durante o período avaliado foi acima do limite recomendado (800 g kg-1). O gênero Penicillium ocorreu com maior freqüência no capim Vaquero armazenado sob uma lona de dupla face (6,13 log CFU g-1). No tratamento adicional, a MO depositada no soloda área de produção de capim Vaquero apresentou maior ocorrência do fungo Fusarium (4,66 log CFU g-1) e da micotoxina zearalenona (ZEA; 594,2 µg kg-1). O feno armazenado no galpão e coberto com lona transparente apresentou maiores teores de aflatoxina (AFLA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). A concentração de micotoxinas variou entre os ambientes de armazenamento e entre as espécies armazenadas; no entanto, a contaminação do feno pode se dar pela incorporação de MO com micotoxinas presentes no campo.

Clinical biochemistry profile of American Quarter Horse broodmares fed Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp. ) hay and haylage / Perfil bioquímico clínico de matrizes Quarto de Milha alimentadas com feno e haylage Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. )

The conservation of haylage (a pre-dried feed) can be challenging, since there is an increased risk of mould growth, which can contaminate this foodstuff with mycotoxins. However, when the hygienic quality is secured, haylage enhances grass palatability and provide enough supply of dry matter throughout the year. Due to the lack of information regarding its effect on blood parameters in horses fed exclusively with this foodstuff, the aim of this study is to provide information regarding its use in comparison to hay and ensure that it does not affect horses' biochemical profile. Twelve Quarter Horse broodmares were distributed into two groups, each fed with Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay or haylage for a period of 28 days, and the biochemical profile was done in five different times (T0 before the experiment started and, chronologically, seven days apart - T1, T2, T3 and T4), It was analyzed total protein (TP) and its fractioning; enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl-transferase; endogenous catabolism products urea and creatinine; and ions calcium and phosphorus. Mycotoxins in haylage were also investigated and remained below the legislation thresholds. Only TP was higher in the last sampling (T4) of the haylage group, which may be related to the foodstuff's higher protein digestibility. No differences were observed between serum enzymes, urea, creatinine and Ca/P from both experimental groups. Haylage has proven to be safe, when well prepared for horses, without causing impairing side effects, as shown by the normal serum biochemistry parameters presented in this study.(AU)

A conservação do haylage (alimento pré-seco) pode ser desafiadora, considerando o aumento do risco de crescimento de fungos, com consequente produção de micotoxinas. Entretanto, quando a qualidade da higiene e armazenamento é assegurada, o haylage aumenta a palatabilidade da forragem e fornece suplemento de matéria seca suficiente ao longo do ano. Devido à falta de informação relativa aos efeitos dessa alimentação nos parâmetros sanguíneos de equinos alimentados exclusivamente com essa dieta, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo dos equinos após administração da haylage em comparação com feno. Doze matrizes Quarto de Milha foram distribuídas em dois grupos, cada um recebendo feno ou haylage de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) por um período de 28 dias. O perfil bioquímico foi realizado em cinco tempos (T) diferentes (T0, antes do início do experimento e cronologicamente, a cada sete dias após o fornecimento das dietas - T1, T2, T3 e T4) para análise de proteína total (PT) e seu perfil fracionado, das enzimas alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, γ-glutamil-transferase, dos produtos de catabolismo creatinina e ureia e, dos íons cálcio e fósforo. Micotoxinas no haylage foram investigadas e mantiveram-se abaixo dos limites determinados pela legislação brasileira. O perfil bioquímico revelou, somente, elevação da PT em T4 no grupo que recebeu haylage, o que pode estar relacionado à sua maior digestibilidade proteica. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nos outros parâmetros estudados em ambos os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que Haylage é comprovadamente seguro, quando bem preparado para equinos, sem causar efeitos na saúde geral, conforme demonstrado pelos exames bioquímicos no presente estudo.(AU)

Experimental reproduction of cyanogenic poisoning by star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. "Florico") in cattle / Reprodução experimental de intoxicação cianogênica por grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. "Florico") em bovinos

We experimentally reproduced star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. "Florico") poisoning in cattle. Star grass was planted in four shaded (1, 2, 3, and 4) and three sunny paddocks (5, 6, and 7) and were fertilized with the equivalent of 0, 750, 200, or 100 kg/ha urea. Fresh plant leaves were collected from each paddock and fed to 8 calves aged 5 months to 1 year at 10g/kg live weight. Clinical examinations were performed pre- and post-feeding. Fresh leaves were also subjected to sodium picrate paper and diphenylamine tests to evaluate hydrocyanic acid and nitrate concentration, respectively. Clinical signs of poisoning by the star grass cv. "Florico" in cattle were observed 5-15 minutes after ingestion; these included wobbling, muscle tremors, frequent and/or dripping urination, tachycardia, ruminal atony, depression, red ocular mucous membranes, and bright red venous blood. Three animals became severely ill, 4 manifested mild to moderate clinical signs, and 1 did not become ill. The 3 severely ill bovines received a thiosulfate and sodium nitrite solution at a dose of 40ml/100 kg live weight, intravenously (IV). Florico star grass poisoned bovines and the reaction to the sodium picrate paper and diphenylamine tests was more significant for samples cultivated in the shade and with high nitrogen fertilization. Florico grass utilization should be avoided in a silvopastoral system.(AU)

Descreve-se a reprodução experimental da intoxicação cianogênica por grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') em bovinos. A grama estrela foi plantada em quatro piquetes em área sombreada (1, 2, 3 e 4) e em três piquetes em área ensolarada (5, 6 e 7) e foram adubados com o equivalente a 0, 750, 200 ou 100kg/ha de ureia. Folhas da planta foram coletadas de cada piquete e imediatamente fornecidas na dose de 10g/Kg de peso vivo para 8 bezerros com idades entre 5 meses a 1 ano. Exames clínicos foram realizados antes e durante fornecimento da planta. Folhas verdes de estrela africana foram submetidas ao teste do papel picro-sódico para verificar a presença de ácido cianídrico e ao teste da difenilamina para avaliar a concentração de nitrato. Sinais clínicos de intoxicação pela grama estrela cv. "Florico" nos bovinos foram observados entre 5 e 15 minutos após o término da ingestão, estes incluíram andar cambaleante, tremores musculares, micção frequente e/ou em gotejamento, taquicardia, atonia ruminal, depressão, mucosas oculares e sangue venoso de coloração vermelho-vivo. Três animais adoeceram gravemente, quatro manifestaram sinais clínicos leves a moderados e um não adoeceu. Os 3 bovinos que adoeceram gravemente receberam solução de tiossulfato e nitrito de sódio na dose de 40ml/100kg de peso vivo, por via endovenosa (IV). Grama estrela florico produziu intoxicação em bovinos e a reação ao teste do papel picro-sódico e difenilamina foi mais significativa para as amostras cultivadas à sombra e com alta adubação nitrogenada. Utilização de grama florico deve ser evitada em sistema silvipastoril.(AU)

Cyanogenic poisoning by spontaneous ingestion of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') in cattle / Intoxicação cianogênica pela ingestão espontânea de grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') em bovinos

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves.(AU)

Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.(AU)

Regulation of estrous cycle by Cynodon dactylon in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in Wistars albino rats / 대한해부학회지

Valor nutritivo de gramíneas do gênero Cynodon consorciadas com amendoim forrageiro / Nutritive value of grasses of genus Cynodon mixed with forage peanut

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutritivo do consórcio forrageiro entre gramíneas do gênero Cynodon (cv. tifton 85 ou coastcross) com Arachis pintoi (amendoim forrageiro). O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, em área de aproximadamente 3000m2. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: tifton 85 e coastcross em cultivo estreme, tifton 85 + AF e coastcross + AF. Foram avaliados os teores de PB, FDN, FDA, DIVMS, MM e MS das lâminas foliares, colmo+bainha, amendoim forrageiro e da MF disponível da simulação de pastejo. Foi observado que a coastcross tem menor teor de fibra, independentemente do tratamento. O avanço das estações do ano proporcionou menores valores de PB e DIVMS em todos os tratamentos. A simulação de pastejo demonstrou que a tifton 85 tem maiores teores de MS, assim como valores inferiores são encontrados para os consórcios. Quando consorciado com as gramíneas, o amendoim forrageiro reduziu os compostos fibrosos na pastagem, acrescentando maiores teores de PB em pastagem de gramíneas no final do ciclo produtivo.(AU)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the fodder performance and production of Cynodon (Cv. Tifton 85 or Coastcross) mixed with Arachis pintoi (Forage peanut). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, at an area of approximately 3000m2. A completely randomized block design was applied, with four treatments and three replicates. The treatments were: Tifton 85 and Coastcross in pure crop, Tifton 85 + AF and Coastcross + AF with rotated and successive implantation of one line to the grass and three consecutive lines to the legume. The content of CP, NDF, ADF, IVDMD ashe and DM of the leaf blades, stem of grasses forage peanut and total forage mass available of grazing simulation was evaluated. Coastcross has lower fibrous contents, regardless of treatment. The changing of the seasons during the year provided lower values of CP and IVDMD for all treatments. The evaluation of the grazing simulation showed that Tifton 85 has higher DM values just as the lower ones are found for consortia. When mixed with grasses, forage peanuts reduce the fibrous compounds on pasture, increasing the CP levels in grass pasture at the end of productive cycle.(AU)

The association between nasal eosinophilia and aeroallergen sensitization in children and adolescents with rhinitis

PURPOSE: To identify the correlation between nasal eosinophilia and aeroallergen sensitization in children and adolescents. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients below 18 years of age who had a history of rhinitis that lasted more than 2 weeks or had been repeated more than once a year, received nasal eosinophil examinations, and had serum specific IgE to aeroallergens measured at an Allergy Clinic in a single tertiary teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. The percentage of nasal eosinophils was calculated by the number of eosinophils per total leukocytes in a high-power field of 1,000×. Data was analyzed to determine the association between nasal eosinophilia and 18 aeroallergens. RESULTS: Of the 245 patients included, 156 (63.7%) were male and the mean age (±standard deviation) was 7.9 years (±3.8). In total, 175 patients (71.4%) were sensitized to at least 1 of the 18 aeroallergens tested, and sensitization to house dust mite was most common. In addition, 118 (48.2%) and 69 patients (28.2%) had nasal eosinophilia of at least 1% and 5%, respectively. There were no significant correlations between serum total IgE or age and the percentage of nasal eosinophils. However, the percentage of nasal eosinophils in the group sensitized to any aeroallergens was significantly increased compared to the nonsensitized group (P=0.002). The percentage of nasal eosinophils was significantly higher in patients who were sensitized to Birch-Alder Mix, oak white, Bermuda grass, orchard grass, timothy grass, sweet vernal grass, rye, mugwort, short ragweed, Alternaria alternata, cats, dogs or Dermatophagoides farinae compared to those nonsensitized. CONCLUSION: Nasal eosinophilia was significantly associated with sensitization to aeroallergens.

Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) em bovinos / Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) in cattle

Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) é uma gramínea cultivada na região sul do Brasil, responsável por manifestações clínicas superagudas de dispneia, dificuldade de deglutição, tremores musculares, timpanismo e decúbito em bovinos. A morte ocorre rapidamente após o início dos primeiros sinais e não são encontradas alterações macro e microscópicas significativas. O presente estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e lesionais da intoxicação espontânea por tifton 68 que ocorreu nos municípios de Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió e Rio do Campo, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, nos anos de 1996, 1997, 1998 e 2010, respectivamente. Experimentalmente foram avaliadas a presença de ácido cianídrico nas folhas verdes e secas desta planta, através do teste do papel picrossódico e a reversão da intoxicação pela utilização de uma solução antídoto específica de tiossulfato de sódio e nitrito de sódio. A reprodução experimental consistiu na administração de folhas verdes de tifton 68 para dois bovinos com doses a partir de 10,3g/kg. O quadro de intoxicação cianogênica foi confirmado pela imediata resposta ao tratamento intravenoso com a solução antídoto. As amostras da planta verde forneceram resposta positiva ao teste do papel picrossódico. O feno de tifton 68 não demonstrou qualquer toxicidade, mesmo em altas doses (18 e 27g/kg), sendo seguro para a alimentação de bovinos.(AU)

Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) is a grass cultivated in southern Brazil which causes peracute clinical manifestations including dyspnea, swallowing difficulties, muscular tremors, tympanism and recumbency in cattle. Animal's death occurs rapidly after the onset of clinical signs and neither macroscopic nor microscopic lesions have been found. This paper describes the epidemiology, clinical findings and lesions of spontaneous poisoning by tifton 68 in cattle in the municipalities of Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió and Rio do Campo in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2010 respectively. The presence of hydrocyanic acid was experimentally estimated in green and dried leaves through the picric acid paper test and poisoning treatment using a specific antidote solution of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite. The poisoning was experimentally reproduced by the administration of tifton 68 green leaves to two cattle at a starting dose of 10.3 g/kg. The cyanide poisoning was confirmed by the immediate response to treatment with intravenous antidote. The samples of tifton 68 green leaves gave positive response in the picric acid paper test. The hay of tifton 68 showed no toxicity even at high doses (18 and 27 g/kg) and it is safe for cattle consumption.(AU)

Reproductive behavior of crossbred dairy cows grazing an intensive silvopastoral system under tropical dry forest conditions / Comportamento reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças pastando um sistema silvipastoril intensivo em condições de floresta tropical seca

It is widely accepted that selection for high milk yield in dairy cows has negatively affected their reproductive performance. After calving, dairy cows experience a nutritional imbalance due to an asynchrony in the occurrence of the lactation and dry matter intake peaks. In the tropics, this situation is exacerbated due to poor quality and/ or availability of the diet. A study was carried out to describe the nutritional and reproductive behavior of two-to-four parturition crossbred cows (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)) divided in two groups according to their calving to first service interval (CFSI): Group 1: ≤50 days CFSI, n=7; Group 2: ≥50 days CFSI, n=8. Animals were grazing in an intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) based on Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus and also received protein, energy and mineral supplementation. Dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake were individually estimated and correlations between reproductive and nutritional parameters were performed. Additionally, serum progesterone concentration was monitored. Group 2 had greater forage and total DMI and milk production than Group 1 (P<0.05). Hence, Group 2 had greater nutrient intake from forages than Group 1 (P<0.05). Group 1 had a positive nutritional balance and an optimum reproductive performance compared to Group 2, which had a negative energy balance and lengthier days with open intervals (P<0.05). It was corroborated that protein and energy are required in adequate levels, to ensure that uterus undergoes involution correctly and ovarian activity starts soon in the postpartum period.(AU)

É amplamente aceito que a seleção para alta produção de leite em vacas leiteiras tem interferido no seu desempenho reprodutivo. Depois do parto, um extraordinário desafio nutritivo é experimentado pelas vacas leiteiras, devido a uma assincronia entre a ocorrência do pico de lactação e a do pico de consumo de matéria seca. Este estudo foi realizado para descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de vacas mestiças de dois a quatro partos (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)), divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com seu intervalo parto ao primeiro serviço (IPPS): grupo 1: ≤ 50 dias IPPS, n = 7; grupo 2: ≥50 IPPS dias, n = 8. Os animais pastaram em um sistema silvipastoril intensivo (SSI), com base em Leucaena leucocephala e Cynodon plectostachyus, e receberam também suplementação de proteína, energia e mineral. Matéria seca (CMS) e ingestão de nutrientes foram estimadas individualmente e correlações entre parâmetros reprodutivos e nutricionais foram realizadas. Além disso, a concentração de progesterona em soro foi monitorizada. Vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior ingestão de forragem, de dieta total e de produção total de leite do que vacas do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Dessa forma, vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes de forrageiras do que os animais do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Vacas do grupo 1 tinham um equilíbrio nutricional positivo e um ótimo desempenho reprodutivo em relação ao grupo 2, que teve um balanço energético negativo e mais longos intervalos de dias abertos (P<0,05). Foi corroborado que a proteína e a energia são necessárias em níveis adequados, assim o útero sofre involução corretamente e a atividade ovariana começa logo no período pós-parto.(AU)

Capacidade produtiva e qualidade nutricional de gramíneas perenes submetidas a sistema contínuo de cortes / Productive capacity and nutritional quality of different perennial grasses submitted to a continued cuts system

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e as características bromatológicas dos estratos superior e inferior de gramíneas perenes em sistema contínuo de cortes. As cultivares avaliadas foram: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela-roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton 68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton 85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha e Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. Todos os cortes foram realizados no momento em que cada cultivar alcançava 95% de interceptação luminosa. As cutivares Jiggs e Tifton 68, com 21.348 e 21.016kg ha-1, respectivamente, tiveram as maiores produções (P<0,05) de fitomassa seca acumulada. Na média geral dos cortes, o quarto corte apresentou a menor relação estrato superior:inferior em relação aos demais (P<0,05). Em relação ao estrato superior, a Tifton 85 apresentou o maior teor de PB, sendo superior estatisticamente (P<0,05) no primeiro, segundo e quarto cortes, enquanto no terceiro corte a Coast-cross apresentou o maior teor proteico. No geral, as cv. Jiggs e Tifton 68 apresentaram a maior produção de fitomassa acumulada. Já a cv. Tifton 85 foi responsável pelos maiores níveis de PB, enquanto os teores de carboidratos estruturais mantiveram padrão constante, tanto no estrato superior quanto inferior, em sistema de quatro cortes sucessivos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the bromatologic characteristics of the upper and lower strata of perennial grasses in four cut systems. The cultivars evaluated were: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela Roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton-68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton-85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha, and Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. All cuts were made when each cv. reached 95% light interception. The cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68, with 21348 and 21016kg ha-1, respectively, were responsible for the higher yields (P<0.05) of accumulated dry biomass. The overall average of the cuts, the fourth cut had the lowest ratio upper stratum: lower compared to the others (P<0.05). Regarding the upper stratum, the cv. Tifton 85 had the highest CP content, statistically higher (P<0.05) in the first, second and fourth cut, while in the third cut the cv. Coast-cross had the highest protein content. In general, cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68 had the highest number of accumulated biomass. The cv. Tifton 85 was responsible for the higher levels of CP, whereas the levels of structural carbohydrates maintained a constant pattern, in both the upper and lower strata in four cut systems.(AU)

Influência da suplementação de vitaminas A, D e E na função imune de bezerros alimentados com dieta á base de feno capim tifton (cynodon spp) / Influence of A, D and E vitamin supplements on immune function of calves fed diet tifton (cynodon spp) hay

As vitaminas são compostos orgânicos necessários em poucas quantidades no organismo, todavia indispensáveis para as funções metabólicas. Elas se inserem em inúmeras reações metabólicas, fisiológicas e imunes das células, necessárias para a manutenção da saúde animal, além de atuarem como imunoestimulante. Embora a dieta rica em folhagens verdes frescas forneça quantidades suficientes de vitaminas A, D e E a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de feno ou silagem pode reduzir em até 50 % dos teores destas vitaminas no alimento. Diante disso, a proposta do trabalho foi verificar se a administração parenteral de vitaminas A, D e E age como imunoestimulante em garrotes estabulados e alimentados exclusivamente com feno de tifton. Para tanto 14 bovinos foram divididos em dois grupos homogêneos, sendo o grupo S, suplementado com vitamina A, D e E em dose única de 30 mL por via intramuscular; e o grupo C, sem suplementação. Ambos os grupos foram alojados em baias parcialmente privadas de sol, e alimentados com feno por um período de três meses. A avaliação imune foi realizada por hemogramas e ensaio de função leucocitária (metabolismo oxidativo e fagocitose) nos momentos antes do tratamento, três e dez dias após os tratamentos. Tendo em vista que a suplementação com polivitamínicos A, D e E aumentou a porcentagem da atividade de células granulocítica e a intensidade da atividade de células mononucleares, além de intensificar o efeito antioxidante prolongando a sobrevida de hemácias e neutrófilos, conclui-se que esta suplementação promoveu efeito benéfico na resposta imune de bezerros da Raça Holandesa, apesar dos efeitos deletérios da alimentação exclusiva com feno e da privação parcial da incidência solar direta.

Vitamins are organic compounds which are required in small quantities in the body, however essential for the metabolic functions. They participate in numerous metabolic reactions, physiological and immune cells, needed to maintain animal health, as well as act as immunostimulants. Although the diet rich in fresh green foliage provides sufficient amounts of vitamin A, D and E, intensive supplementation with food stored in the form of hay or silage can reduce up to 50% of the levels of these vitamins in food. Given this, the proposal of this study was to verify how the parenteral administration of vitamins ADE acts as immunostimulant in steers fed exclusively with hay of tifton. For that, 14 cattle were divided into two homogeneous groups: Group S, supplemented with vitamin A, D e E given in a single intramuscular dose of 30mL, and Group C without supplementation. Both groups were housed in private stalls and fed with hay for a period of three months. Immune evaluation was performed by blood count and testing of leukocyte function (oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis) in the moments before treatment, three and ten days after the treatments. Considering that supplementation with vitamin A, D e E increased the percentage of granulocytic cell activity and the intensity of the activity of mononuclear cells, as well as intensified the antioxidant effect prolonging the survival of red blood cells and neutrophils, it can be concluded that this treatment had a beneficial effect on the immune response of Holstein calves, despite the damaging effects of exclusive feeding hay, and the partially deprivation of solar incidence.

Partial Characterization of bermuda, carabao, cogon, and talahib grass pollen extracts

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND</strong>: Grass pollen grains are important causes of respiratory allergies. The Philippines has a different grass flora compared to that of western countries, so pollen extracts have to be processed for use in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory allergies. The local pollen extracts available in clinical practice have not yet been characterized, which is important in improving extract quality.<br /><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study aims to perform physicochemical characterization through protein content determination and gradient sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of extracts from four grasses: Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass), Axonopus compressus (carabao grass), Imperata cylindrica (cogon), and Saccharum spontaneum (talahib) and immunologic characterization by identifying its IgE-binding component through immunoblot.<br /><strong>METHODS</strong>: This is a descriptive study. The pollen grains were processed into allergen extracts and protein contents were determined. The extracts were separated by gradient SDS-PAGE and subjected to immunoblotting. Bands were visualized using Fluorchem C2 aided with Alpha View Software.<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Total protein in the pollen extracts ranged from 281.3-968.61 µg/ml. Protein bands of bermuda were in the 14.4-66.3 kDa range, carabao grass at 3.5-66.3 kDa, cogon at 3.5-200 kDA, and talahib at 21.5-66.3 kDa. A single IgE-binding protein band was seen on immunoblot at 55.4 kDa using a single serum sample.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION</strong>: Protein contents of the allergen extracts vary. The molecular weights of the different protein bands seem to correspond to known groups of grass pollen allergens. There was only one IgE-binding protein band seen on preliminary immunoblot.</p>

Produção e qualidade da forragem de cornichão sobressemeado em diferentes densidades de semeadura em pastagem de estrela africana e azevém / Production and quality of forage of birdsfoot overseeding in different densities in pasture of cynodon nlenfuensis and ryegrass

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial produtivo e as características qualitativas de uma pastagem de cornichão semeado em diferentes densidades de semeadura em mistura com estrela africana e azevém. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200% a mais da quantidade de semente de cornichão recomendada. Para a semeadura do cornichão e do azevém foram utilizados 6 e 30 kg/ha de semente conforme recomendação, respectivamente. Ambas as espécies foram sobressemeadas na pastagem de estrela africana que já se encontrava estabelecida na área. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A produção total de matéria seca foi semelhante entre as densidades de semeadura avaliadas. A produção de cornichão se ajustou ao modelo quadrático, sendo que as densidades de 50 e 100% a mais da recomendação apresentaram as menores produções de forragem. A taxa de acúmulo e as produções individuais das espécies não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A produção total de MS foi superior para o mês de dezembro, e as menores produções para os meses de agosto, setembro e outubro, sendo intermediário para o mês de janeiro. A composição botânica entre as espécies do consórcio diferiu entre os meses avaliados. Para estrela africana e azevém os teores de PB foram similares e o teor de PB para cornichão foi superior entre as espécies avaliadas. A utilização de 150 e 200% a mais da recomendação da densidade de semeadura do cornichão aumenta a sua produção de forragem, porém não afeta a produção total de forragem do consórcio.

The objective of study was evaluate the performance productive and the qualitative characteristics of pasture birdsfoot sown with different seeding densities in mixture with ryegrass and Cynodon nlenfuensis. The trataments evaluated was: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% the more the amount of seed birdsfoot recommended. For seeding birdsfoot and ryegrass were used 6 and 30 kg/ha seed as recommended, respectively. Both species were overseeded pasture Cynodon nlenfuensis who was already established in the area. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The total dry matter production was similar between plant densities evaluated. The production of birdsfoot adjusted to the quadratic model, with densities of 50 and 100% more of the recommendation had the lowest forage production. The accumulation rate (kg DM-1ha-1 dia) and the production of individual species (kg DM / ha) were not influenced by different plant densities. The total dry matter production was higher for the month of december, and decrease productions for months of august, september and october, is intermediate for the month january. The botanical composition of the consortium species differed between the evaluated months. For Cynodon nlenfuensis and ryegrass the CP were similar and the content CP for birdsfoot was higher among species evaluated. The use of 150 and 200% more the proportion of recommended seeding rate of birdsfoot increased forage production, but did not affect the total forage production consortium.